The 79th United States Congress passed the IOIA on December 29, 1945; the Act can be found under Title 22, chapter 7, sub-chapter XVIII.
12*29+19*45 = 1203
Strongs 1203 GRK
despotés: Master, Lord, Sovereign
1. an absolute ruler ("despot")
1203 despótēs (from posis, "husband") – properly, an authority figure ("master") who exercises complete jurisdiction (wields unrestricted power).
[1203 (despótēs) implies someone exercising "unrestricted power and absolute domination, confessing no limitations or restraints" (R. Trench, 96).]
The term appears ten times in the Greek New Testament and is consistently employed to underscore absolute authority—whether divine or human. In half of its occurrences the reference is to God (Luke 2:29; Acts 4:24; 2 Peter 2:1; Jude 1:4; Revelation 6:10); the remaining five passages apply the word to human slave-owners or household heads (Titus 2:9; 1 Timothy 6:1; 1 Timothy 6:2; 1 Peter 2:18; 2 Timothy 2:21). The range reveals a single idea: an unquestioned right to command.
https://biblehub.com/greek/1203.htm
Strongs HEB 1203
Beeshterah: Beeshterah
From ashtrah (as singular of Ashtarowth) with a prepositional prefix; with Ashtoreth; Beeshterah, a place East of the Jordan -- Beeshterah.
perhaps "house of Ashtoreth," a Levitical city in Manasseh
Joshua 21:27
HEB: מִגְרָשֶׁ֔הָ וְאֶֽת־ בְּעֶשְׁתְּרָ֖ה וְאֶת־ מִגְרָשֶׁ֑הָ
NAS: lands, and Be-eshterah with its pasture lands;
KJV: for the slayer; and Beeshterah with her suburbs;
INT: Bashan pasture and Be-eshterah lands cities
The International Organizations Immunities Act (IOIA) is a 1945 U.S. federal law that grants specific public international organizations, their property, and personnel certain privileges, exemptions, and immunities in the United States. These include immunity from certain legal processes and taxation, similar to foreign governments, to facilitate their work on a global scale. The President designates which organizations are eligible for these benefits.
Key provisions of the IOIA
Immunity from suit: International organizations are granted the same immunity from lawsuits as foreign governments, though they can expressly waive this immunity.
Property and asset protection: Their property and assets are immune from search and confiscation, and their archives are inviolable unless immunity is waived.
Tax exemptions: The act provides exemptions from various taxes, including property taxes, and allows for customs duty exemptions on the baggage and effects of officers and employees.
Presidential designation: The President designates which public international organizations are entitled to these privileges and can also limit or withdraw them.
Examples of designated organizations: Organizations like the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the United Nations have been designated under the act, notes the California Lawyers Association.
Purpose and effect
The IOIA was created to support the establishment and functioning of international organizations created after World War II.
By granting these immunities, the act helps these organizations operate without being subject to the domestic laws of a single nation, ensuring their ability to carry out their functions related to international peace, security, and economic stability.
It's important to note that the privileges granted are specifically listed and do not automatically confer full diplomatic status.
Provisions of the act
For international organizations
Designated organizations receive immunities similar to those accorded to foreign governments. These include:
Immunity from suit and judicial process: Protection from lawsuits and other legal proceedings, unless the immunity is expressly waived.
Immunity from search and confiscation: Their property and assets are protected from search and seizure.
Inviolability of archives: The organizations' official archives are protected.
Exemption from taxes and duties: The organizations are exempt from various federal taxes and customs duties.
Capacity to act as a legal entity: They possess the legal capacity to enter into contracts, acquire and dispose of property, and institute legal proceedings.
For officers and employees
Non-citizen officers and employees of designated organizations, as well as their family members, receive some benefits, though not full diplomatic immunity.
Functional immunity: They are immune from legal action for official acts performed within their duties.
Tax exemptions: They are exempt from certain U.S. federal taxes on income received from the organization. These exemptions generally do not apply to U.S. citizens.
Exemption from customs procedures: They are entitled to certain privileges regarding customs duties and baggage searches.
Recent limitations to immunity
A 2019 Supreme Court decision, Jam v. International Finance Corporation (IFC), significantly limited the immunity granted under the IOIA.
The Court ruled that international organizations do not have absolute immunity. Instead, their immunity is subject to the same exceptions that apply to foreign governments under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA).
This means that, like foreign governments, international organizations can be sued in U.S. courts for their commercial activities.
Role of the president and secretary of state
The President of the United States is authorized to designate which public international organizations qualify for immunities under the IOIA.
The President can also modify, limit, or revoke the benefits granted if an organization is deemed to have abused its privileges.
The Secretary of State has the power to advise the President on these designations and to have employees or representatives deemed undesirable deported from the U.S..
The 79th United States Congress passed the IOIA on December 29, 1945; the Act can be found under Title 22, chapter 7, sub-chapter XVIII. The IOIA entitles international organizations and their employees to certain exemptions, immunities, and privileges that other organizations and their employees are not granted. In addition, the entitled benefits organizations and their employees receive are similar to the benefits that foreign governments are granted. For example, international organizations and employees of the organizations are exempted from certain taxes. In addition, property and assets belonging to international organizations or their employees cannot be searched or confiscated. A lawsuit or any other type of legal action cannot be brought upon these organizations or their employees. The privileges, exemptions, and immunities that the employees and officers receive are extended to their immediate family members as well.
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