The constitutional power used by the French government on Thursday to ram through parliament a hotly contested pension reform is deeply controversial and seen as undemocratic by critics. Article 49.3 of the constitution, widely referred to as "the 49.3" in France, allows a prime minister to push draft legislation through the National Assembly without a vote by lawmakers.
Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron
21 December 1977 (age 45)
Amiens, Somme, France
He was elected President on 5/7/2017
He was seated 5/14/2017
During his presidency, Macron has overseen several reforms to labour laws, taxation and pensions; he has pursued a renewable energy transition. Dubbed "president of the rich" by political opponents,[2] increasing protests against his domestic reforms and demanding his resignation marked the first years of his presidency, culminating in 2018–2019 with the yellow vests protests and the pension reform strike. From 2020, he led France's response to the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccination rollout. In foreign policy, he called for reforms to the European Union (EU) and signed bilateral treaties with Italy and Germany. Macron conducted $45-billion trade and business agreements with China during the China–United States trade war and oversaw a dispute with Australia and the United States over the AUKUS security pact. He continued Opération Chammal in the war against the Islamic State and joined in the international condemnation of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Macron was born on 21 December 1977 in Amiens. He is the son of Françoise Macron (née Noguès), a physician, and Jean-Michel Macron, professor of neurology at the University of Picardy.[3][4] The couple divorced in 2010. He has two siblings, Laurent, born in 1979, and Estelle, born in 1982. Françoise and Jean-Michel's first child was stillborn.[5]
The Macron family legacy is traced back to the village of Authie, Picardy.[6] One of his paternal great-grandfathers, George William Robertson, was English, and was born in Bristol, United Kingdom.[7][8] His maternal grandparents, Jean and Germaine Noguès (née Arribet), are from the Pyrenean town of Bagnères-de-Bigorre, Gascony.[9] He commonly visited Bagnères-de-Bigorre to visit his grandmother Germaine, whom he called "Manette".[10] Macron associates his enjoyment of reading[11] and his leftward political leanings to Germaine, who, after coming from a modest upbringing of a stationmaster father and a housekeeping mother, became a teacher then a principal, and died in 2013.[12]
Although raised in a non-religious family, Macron was baptized a Catholic by his own request at age 12; he is agnostic today.[13]
Macron was educated mainly at the Jesuit institute Lycée la Providence[14] in Amiens[15] before his parents sent him to finish his last year of school[16] at the elite Lycée Henri-IV in Paris, where he completed the high school curriculum and the undergraduate program with a "Bac S, Mention Très bien". At the same, time he was nominated for the "Concours général" (most selective national level high school competition) in French literature and received his diploma for his piano studies at Amiens Conservatory.[17] His parents sent him off to Paris due to their alarm at the bond he had formed with Brigitte Auzière, a married teacher with three children at Jésuites de la Providence, who later became his wife.[18]
In Paris, Macron twice failed to gain entry to the École normale supérieure.[19][20][21] He instead studied philosophy at the University of Paris-Ouest Nanterre La Défense, obtaining a DEA degree (a master level degree), with a thesis on Machiavelli and Hegel.
In September 2008, Macron left his job as an Inspector of Finances and took a position at Rothschild & Cie Banque.[39] Macron was inspired to leave the government due to the election of Nicolas Sarkozy to the presidency. He was originally offered the job by François Henrot. His first responsibility at Rothschild & Cie Banque was assisting with the acquisition of Cofidis by Crédit Mutuel Nord Europe.[40]
Macron formed a relationship with Alain Minc, a businessman on the supervisory board of Le Monde.[41] In 2010, Macron was promoted to partner with the bank after working on the recapitalization of Le Monde and the acquisition by Atos of Siemens IT Solutions and Services.[42] In the same year, Macron was appointed as managing director and put in charge of Nestlé's acquisition of one of Pfizer's largest subsidiaries based around baby drinks. His share of the fees on this €9 billion deal made Macron a millionaire.[43]
In February 2012, he advised businessman Philippe Tillous-Borde, the CEO of the Avril Group.[44]
Macron reported that he had earned €2 million between December 2010 and May 2012.[45] Official documents show that between 2009 and 2013, Macron had earned almost €3 million.[46] He left Rothschild & Cie in 2012
On 17 December 2020, Macron's office announced that he tested positive for COVID-19 and would self-isolate for seven days.[503] He had been administered a PCR test as soon as his symptoms had appeared.[504] As a result of his infection, all of his scheduled trips for the next month, including a visit to Lebanon, were cancelled.[505] On 17 December he moved to La Lanterne (Versailles), a former hunting lodge, to continue self-isolation at that location.[506] After seven days, he ended his quarantine, as he showed no more symptoms.[507]
On 8 June 2021, Macron was slapped in the face during a visit to the town of Tain-l'Hermitage. The attacker was identified as Damien Tarel, who stated that he was associated with the yellow vest movement and the far-right, though he was also described as an "ideological mush".[508][509] He was sentenced to four months of imprisonment plus a suspended sentence of fourteen months.[
"Emmanuel Macron" = 148 (Ordinal)
"Emmanuel Macron" = 58 (Reduction)
Macron is a young global leader
"Emmanuel Macron YGL" = 75 (Reduction)
"Macron Young Global Leader" = 1116 (Latin)
"Macron Young Global Leader" = 1440 (Sumerian)
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