Engineered Migration as a Coercive Instrument:
The 1994 Cuban Balseros Crisis
Kelly M. Greenhill
February 2002
CONTENTS
I. Introduction
II. The Mechanism Behind Engineered Migration
III. Castro’s Motivations
IV. Castro’s Objectives
V. Why Did He Think He Could Succeed?: A Compelling Track Record of 8
Two for Two
Two for Two
A. The Camarioca Crisis
B. The Mariel Boatlift
VI. The August 1994 Balseros Crisis
A. The Situation Heats Up; Castro Issues a Threat
B. The US responds, Castro escalates and the US grows defiant
C. A Domestic Spoiler Catalyzes a Major Policy Shift
D. Castro Ups the Ante
E. US Defiance Soon Replaced with Willingness to Negotiate
F. The US Blinks, but so does Castro
VII. The Balseros Crisis, Part II: April-May 1995
VIII. Was Castro’s 1994 Migration Gambit a Success?
A. Primary Objectives Attained
B. But No Movement on the Embargo or Radio Marti
C. Stymied Promises of Future Negotiations
IX. But the 1994 Refugee Gambit Was Less Successful than Mariel. Why?
A. Rapid Reaction of State and Federal Officials
B. The Use of Guantanamo Naval Base
B. The Use of Guantanamo Naval Base
C. Relative Passivity of the Cuban Exile Population
D. The November 1994 “Republican Revolution”
X. Conclusions and Recommendations
A. Option One: Play the Game, but with a Better Grasp of the “Rules”
B. Option Two: Make the Game Not Worth Playing by Eroding the
Weapon’s Power
http://web.mit.edu/cis/www/migration/pubs/rrwp/12_engineered.html
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